Naoe Tatara

• Tatara, Naoe; Hammer, Hugo Lewi; Mirkovic, Jelena; Kjøllesdal, Marte Karoline Råberg & Andreassen, Hege Kristin (2019). Associations Between Immigration-Related User Factors and eHealth Activities for Self-Care: Case of First-Generation Immigrants From Pakistan in the Oslo Area, Norway. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance. 5(3). doi: 10.2196/11998. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Immigrant populations are often disproportionally affected by chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Use of information and communication technology (ICT) is one promising approach for better self-care of T2DM to mitigate the social health inequalities, if designed for a wider population. However, knowledge is scarce about immigrant populations’ diverse electronic health (eHealth) activities for self-care, especially in European countries. Objective: With a target group of first-generation immigrants from Pakistan in the Oslo area, Norway, we aimed to understand their diverse eHealth activities for T2DM self-care in relation to immigration-related user factors specific to this target group: proficiency in relevant languages (Urdu, Norwegian, English), length of residence in Norway, and diagnosis of T2DM compared with general user factors (age, gender, education and digital skills, and self-rated health status). Methods: Data were from a survey among the target population (N=176) conducted in 2015-2016. Using logistic regression, we analyzed associations between user factors and experiences of each of the following eHealth activities for T2DM self-care in the last 12 months: first, information seeking by (1) search engines and (2) Web portals or email subscriptions; second, communication and consultation (1) by closed conversation with a few acquaintances using ICT and (2) on social network services; and third, active decision making by using apps for (1) tracking health information and (2) self-assessment of health status. Using Poisson regression, we also assessed the relationship between user factors and variety of eHealth activities experienced. The Bonferroni correction was used to address the multiple testing problem. Results: Regression analyses yielded the following significantly positive associations: between Urdu literacy and (1) information seeking by Web portals or email subscriptions (odds ratio [OR] 2.155, 95% CI 1.388-3.344), (2) communication and consultation on social network services (OR 5.697, 95% CI 2.487-13.053), and (3) variety (estimate=0.350, 95% CI 0.148-0.552); between length of residence in Norway and (1) communication and consultation by closed conversation with a few acquaintances using ICT (OR 1.728, 95% CI 1.193-2.503), (2) communication and consultation on social network services (OR 2.098, 95% CI 1.265-3.480), and (3) variety (estimate=0.270, 95% CI 0.117-0.424); between Norwegian language proficiency and active decision making by using apps for self-assessment of health status (OR 2.285, 95% CI 1.294-4.036); between education and digital skills and active decision making by using apps for tracking health information (OR 3.930, 95% CI 1.627-9.492); and between being a female and communication and consultation by closed conversation with a few acquaintances using ICT (OR 2.883, 95% CI 1.335-6.227). Conclusions: This study implies immigration-related factors may confound associations between general user factors and eHealth activities. Further studies are needed to explore the influence of immigration-related user factors for eHealth activities in other immigrant groups and countries.

• Tatara, Naoe; Hammer, Hugo Lewi; Andreassen, Hege; Mirkovic, Jelena & Kjøllesdal, Marte Karoline Råberg (2017). The Association Between Commonly Investigated User Factors and Various Types of eHealth Use for Self-Care of Type 2 Diabetes:Case of First-Generation Immigrants From Pakistan in the Oslo Area, Norway. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance. 3(4). doi: 10.2196/publichealth.7009. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Sociodemographic and health-related factors are often investigated for their association with the active use of electronic health (eHealth). The importance of such factors has been found to vary, depending on the purpose or means of eHealth and the target user groups. Pakistanis are one of the biggest immigrant groups in the Oslo area, Norway. Due to an especially high risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) among this population, knowledge about their use of eHealth for T2D self-management and prevention (self-care) will be valuable for both understanding this vulnerable group and for developing effective eHealth services. <br>Objective: The aim of this study was to examine how commonly were the nine types of eHealth for T2D self-care being used among our target group, the first-generation Pakistani immigrants living in the Oslo area. The nine types of eHealth use are divided into three broad categories based on their purpose: information seeking, communication, and active self-care. We also aimed to investigate how sociodemographic factors, as well as self-assessment of health status and digital skills are associated with the use of eHealth in this group. <br>Methods: A survey was carried out in the form of individual structured interviews from September 2015 to January 2016 (N=176). For this study, dichotomous data about whether or not an informant had used each of the nine types of eHealth in the last 12 months and the total number of positive answers were used as dependent variables in a regression analysis. The independent variables were age, gender, total years of education, digital skills (represented by frequency of asking for help when using information and communication technology [ICT]), and self-assessment of health status. Principal component analyses were applied to make categories of independent variables to avoid multicollinearity. <br>Results: Principal component analysis yielded three components: knowledge, comprising total years of education and digital skills; health, comprising age and self-assessment of health status; and gender, as being a female. With the exception of closed conversation with a few specific acquaintances about self-care of T2D (negatively associated, P=.02) and the use of ICT for relevant information-seeking by using search engines (not associated, P=.18), the knowledge component was positively associated with all the other dependent variables. The health component was negatively associated with the use of ICT for closed conversation with a few specific acquaintances about self-care of T2D (P=.01) but not associated with the other dependent variables. Gender component showed no association with any of the dependent variables. <br>Conclusions: In our sample, knowledge, as a composite measure of education and digital skills, was found to be the main factor associated with eHealth use regarding T2D self-care. Enhancing digital skills would encourage and support more active use of eHealth for T2D self-care.

• Tatara, Naoe & Giannoumis, G. Anthony (2017). Cultivating a Universal Design Mindset in Young Students, Proceedings of E&PDE 2017 - International Conference on Engineering and Product Design Education. Building Community: Design Education for a Sustainable Future. The Design Society. ISSN 9781904670841. s. 62–67. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Universal Design (UD) is an approach to promoting an inclusive society with equity as a central focus. With trends in globalization and population aging , it is critical to cultivate a UD-oriented mindset among younger people who will be responsible for promoting a more democratic and sustainable society. However, the challenge remains to convince students in higher education of the importance of UD . One potential reason is the common misunderstanding that UD is only dedicated to persons with disabilities, and thus, possibly due to the social stigma associated with disability, students deem UD irrelevant in many cases. Another potential reason is an unfamiliarity with the principles associated with UD as well as situations where they experience any inability or discomfort using a non-universally designed product, service or environment. On the other hand, human/user-centered design (UCD) is supported by the ISO standard 9241-210:2010 and has been more widely recognized as a fundamental approach to successful design and development of a product, especially in the field of human-computer interaction. The lack of a UD-oriented mindset may unconsciously limit the image of “users” within their knowledge, and hence the potential diversity in user traits or use situations could be neglected. In other words, if the students experience UD as beneficial for themselves, it could provide a useful basis for recognizing the importance and impact of UD. By taking two international student projects as cases, this study retrospectively discusses how such tactics may effectively cultivate a UD mindset among graduate-level students.

• Chen, Weiqin; Kessel, Siri; Sanderson, Norun Christine & Tatara, Naoe (2016). Testing Universal Design of a Public Media Website with Diverse Users. I Petrie, Helen; Darzentas, Jenny; Walsh, Tanja; Swallow, David; Sandoval, Leonardo; Lewis, Andrew & Power, Christopher (Red.), Universal Design 2016: Learning from the past, designing for the future. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Universal Design (UD 2016), York, United Kingdom, August 21–24, 2016. IOS Press. ISSN 9781614996842. s. 141–142. doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-684-2-141. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Description: Universal Design is the term used to describe the design of products and environments which can be used by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design. It is not a euphemism for ‘designs for people with a disability’, but really is about designing to include all people, regardless of their age, ability, cultural background or status in life. However it remains the case that many designers and developers fail to understand the need for universal design and lack the skills needed to implement it. This book presents papers from the 3rd International Conference on Universal Design (UD 2016), held in York, UK, in August 2016. The theme of the conference was: learning from the past, designing for the future, and it aimed to bring together policymakers, practitioners and researchers interested in the different strands of universal design to exchange ideas and best practice, review some of the developments in universal design from the last 20 years, and formulate strategies for taking the concept of universal design forward into the future. The book is divided into two sections. Section 1: About Universal Design, and Section 2: Universal Design In Practice. The book will be of interest to all those whose work involves design, from the built environment and tangible products to communication, services and systems.

• Tatara, Naoe; Årsand, Eirik; Skrøvseth, Stein Olav & Hartvigsen, Gunnar (2013). Long-Term Engagement With a Mobile Self-Management System for People With Type 2 Diabetes. JMIR mhealth and uhealth. 1(1), s. e1–e1. doi: 10.2196/mhealth.2432. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tatara, Naoe; Årsand, Eirik; Bratteteig, Tone & Hartvigsen, Gunnar (2013). Usage and perceptions of a mobile self-management application for people with type 2 diabetes: qualitative study of a five-month trial. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. ISSN 0926-9630. 192, s. 127–131. doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-289-9-127. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Chomutare, Taridzo; Tatara, Naoe; Årsand, Eirik & Hartvigsen, Gunnar (2013). Designing a diabetes mobile application with social network support. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. ISSN 0926-9630. 188, s. 58–64. doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-266-0-58. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Årsand, Eirik; Frøisland, Dag Helge; Skrøvseth, Stein Olav; Chomutare, Taridzo; Tatara, Naoe & Hartvigsen, Gunnar [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2012). Mobile Health Applications to Assist Patients with Diabetes: Lessons Learned and Design Implications. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. 6(5), s. 1197–1206. doi: 10.1177/193229681200600525. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Årsand, Eirik; Tatara, Naoe & Hartvigsen, Gunnar (2011). Wireless and Mobile Technologies Improving Diabetes Self-Management. I Cruz-cunha, Maria Manuela & Moreira, Fernando (Red.), Handbook of Research on Mobility and Computing: Evolving Technologies and Ubiquitous Impacts. IGI Global. ISSN 9781609600426. s. 136–156. doi: 10.4018/978-1-60960-042-6.ch009. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Mobility and Computing have experienced an amazing evolution during the last decade, impacting business, economy, and society, enabling new organizational models, new ways of working, new inter-organizational dynamics, increased flexibility, efficiency, and effectiveness in all sectors of activity. The Handbook of Research on Mobility and Computing: Evolving Technologies and Ubiquitous Impacts discusses the main issues, challenges, opportunities, and trends related to this explosive range of new developments and applications, in constant evolution, and impacting every organization and society as a whole. This two volume handbook supports post-graduate students, teachers, and researchers, as well as IT professionals and managers. It is a valuable addition to any research collection.

• Lee, Eunji; Tatara, Naoe; Årsand, Eirik & Hartvigsen, Gunnar (2011). Review of Mobile Terminal-Based Tools for Diabetes Diet Management. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. ISSN 0926-9630. 169, s. 23–27. doi: 10.3233/978-1-60750-806-9-23. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Changing dietary habits is one of the most challenging tasks of diabetes self-management. Mobile terminals are increasingly used as platforms for tools to support diet management and health promotion. We present literature describing mobile terminal-based support tools for management of diabetes focused on diet. We also propose a summary of key success factors for designing such tools and discuss recommendations for future research.

• Tatara, Naoe; Årsand, Eirik & Hartvigsen, Gunnar (2010). Patient-user involvement for designing a self-help tool for Type 2 diabetes. I Bertelsen, Olav W.; Fitzpatrick, Geraldine; Höök, Kristina; Balaam, Madeline & Grönvall, Erik (Red.), Proceedings of Therapeutic Strategies - a Challenge for User Involvement in Design. University of Aarhus, Computer Science Department. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Årsand, Eirik; Tatara, Naoe; Østengen, Geir & Hartvigsen, Gunnar (2010). Mobile-Phone-based Self-Management Tools for Type 2 Diabetes – The Few Touch Application. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. 4(2), s. 328–336. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Mobile phones and other mobile information and communication technology applications and technologies hold great potential as a basis for powerful patient-operated self-management tools within diabetes. The work presented shows how such tools can be designed for supporting lifestyle changes among people with type 2 diabetes and how these were perceived by a group of 12 patients during a 6-month period.

• Tatara, Naoe; Årsand, Eirik; Nilsen, Heidi & Hartvigsen, Gunnar (2009). A Review of Mobile Terminal-Based Applications for Self-Management of Patients with Diabetes. I Conley, Edward Clarke; Doarn, Charles & Hajjam-El-Hassani, Amir (Red.), Proceedings of International Conference on eHealth, Telemedicine, and Social Medicine (eTELEMED 2009). IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 9780769535326. s. 166–175. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tatara, Naoe (2009). Designing mobile patient-centric self-help terminals for people with diabetes. I Oppermann, Reinhard; Eisenhauer, Markus; Jarke, Matthias & Wulf, Volker (Red.), Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services. ACM Publications. ISSN 9781605582818. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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• Tatara, Naoe (2021). Oppskalering av workshops på best praksis av data science og forsknings programvareutvikling - Hvordan kan de nå de som trenger? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tatara, Naoe & Haanæs, Øystein Rygg (2020). Lite bruk av e-helsetjenester i egenbehandling av diabetes type 2 blant pakistanske innvandrere. [Journal]. DIABETESFAG. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tatara, Naoe (2019). Being interdisciplinary myself, in a multidisciplinary environment: My experiences as an eHealth-researcher in Norway and Japan. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sanderson, Norun Christine; Kessel, Siri; Tatara, Naoe & Chen, Weiqin (2019). Bevisstgjøring og ildsjeler. Erfaringer fra mastergradsstudiet i IKT ved OsloMet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Øye, Olav-Johan; Tatara, Naoe; Andreassen, Hege Kristin; Hammer, Hugo Lewi; Kjøllesdal, Marte Karoline Råberg & Mirkovic, Jelena (2019). Førstegenerasjons pakistanske innvandrere bruker lite IKT i egenbehandling av type 2 -diabetes. [Internet]. forskning.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Øye, Olav-Johan; Tatara, Naoe; Kjøllesdal, Marte Karoline Råberg; Mirkovic, Jelena; Hammer, Hugo Lewi & Andreassen, Hege Kristin (2019). E-helsetjenester er ikke tilpasset innvandrergrupper. [Internet]. velferd.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tatara, Naoe; Hammer, Hugo Lewi; Andreassen, Hege Kristin; Mirkovic, Jelena & Kjøllesdal, Marte Karoline Råberg (2018). Correction: The association between commonly investigated user factors and various types of ehealth use for self-care of type 2 diabetes: Case of first-generation immigrants from Pakistan in the oslo area, Norway (Journal of Medical Internet Research (2017) 3:4 (e68) DOI: 10.2196/publichealth.7009). Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR). ISSN 1439-4456. 20(8). doi: 10.2196/11888. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tatara, Naoe & Giannoumis, G. Anthony (2017). CULTIVATING A UNIVERSAL DESIGN MINDSET IN YOUNG STUDENTS. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Universal Design (UD) is an approach to promoting an inclusive society with equity as a central focus. With trends in globalization and population aging, it is critical to cultivate a UD-oriented mindset among younger people who will be responsible for promoting a more democratic and sustainable society. However, the challenge remains to convince students in higher education of the importance of UD. One potential reason is the common misunderstanding that UD is only dedicated to persons with disabilities, and thus, possibly due to the social stigma associated with disability, students deem UD irrelevant in many cases. Another potential reason is an unfamiliarity with the principles associated with UD as well as situations where they experience any inability or discomfort using a non-universally designed product, service or environment. On the other hand, human/user-centered design (UCD) is supported by the ISO standard 9241-210:2010 and has been more widely recognized as a fundamental approach to successful design and development of a product, especially in the field of human-computer interaction. The lack of a UD-oriented mindset may unconsciously limit the image of “users” within their knowledge, and hence the potential diversity in user traits or use situations could be neglected. In other words, if the students experience UD as beneficial for themselves, it could provide a useful basis for recognizing the importance and impact of UD. By taking two international student projects as cases, this study retrospectively discusses how such tactics may effectively cultivate a UD mindset among graduate-level students.

• Liereng, Madeleine; Tatara, Naoe & Kjøllesdal, Marte Karoline Råberg (2017). TA KONTROLL OVER DIABETES 2. [Journal]. Dagbladet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tatara, Naoe; Kjøllesdal, Marte Karoline Råberg; Mirkovic, Jelena & Andreassen, Hege (2016). eHealth Use Among First-Generation Immigrants From Pakistan in the Oslo Area, Norway, With Focus on Diabetes: Survey Protocol. JMIR Research Protocols. 5(2). doi: 10.2196/resprot.5468. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: A variety of eHealth services are available and commonly used by the general public. eHealth has the potential to eng age and empo wer people with managing their health. The prerequisite is, howe ver, that eHealth services are adapted to the sociocultural heterogeneity of the user base and are available in a language and with contents that fit the users’ preference, skills, and abilities. Pakistani immigrants in the Oslo area, Norw ay, have a much higher risk of Type-2 diabetes (T2D) than their Norwe gian counterparts do. In spite of having access to information and communication technology (ICT) and the Internet, ICT skills in this population are reported to be relati vely low. Further , there is insuf ficient information about their use of and attitudes toward eHealth services, necessitating investig ation of this group in particular . Objecti ve: This study tar gets first-generation immigrants from Pakistan living in the Oslo area and examines their use of and attitudes toward eHealth services, specif ically: information searches, communication using ICT , and use of ICT for self-management or decision making, all concerning T2D. Methods: Due to a high pre valence of low literac y among the tar get population, we emplo yed questionnaire-based indi vidual intervie ws. The questionnaire was developed by implementing potentially rele vant theoretical constructs (technology acceptance model (TAM) and health belief model (HBM)) as measures. To explore issues around language, culture, and general ICT skills, we also implemented questions that we assume were particularly rele vant in the conte xt studied but do not appear in any theoretical frame works. The questionnaire was revised to reflect results of a pilot study involving 10 participants. We emplo yed culturally sensiti ve sampling methods to reach informants who could otherwise fail to be included in the surv ey. Results: This paper presents a surv ey protocol. The data collection is ongoing. The aim is to collect 200 responses in total by March 2016. Conclusions: For eHealth to become an influential social inno vation, equal access to eHealth services regardless of users’ language, culture, and ICT skills is a prerequisite. Results from this study will be of importance for understanding how people who may not maximally benef it from eHealth services today could be tar geted in the future.

• Kessel, Siri; Sanderson, Norun Christine; Tatara, Naoe & Chen, Weiqin (2015). Public Media on Web for Everyone «Prosjektet Offentlige medietjenester på nett for alle – Presentasjon av resultater, særlig fra brukertestingen av NRK.no». Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Os, Vibeke & Tatara, Naoe (2014). Mestrer type-2 diabetes ved hjelp av mobil “app”. [Internet]. uit.no/nyheter. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tatara, Naoe (2014). Studying Usage and Experiences of mHealth Technology for Its Improved Usability. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tatara, Naoe; Årsand, Eirik; Bratteteig, Tone & Hartvigsen, Gunnar (2013). Usage and Perceptions of a Mobile Self-Management Application for People with Type 2 Diabetes: Qualitative Study of 5-month Trial. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Chomutare, Taridzo; Tatara, Naoe; Årsand, Eirik & Hartvigsen, Gunnar (2013). Designing a diabetes mobile application with social network support. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Lee, Eunji; Tatara, Naoe; Årsand, Eirik & Hartvigsen, Gunnar (2011). Review of Mobile Terminal-Based Tools for Diabetes Diet Management. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Årsand, Eirik; Tatara, Naoe; Andersson, Niklas; Varmedal, Ragnhild; Samuelsen, Thomas & Østengen, Geir [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2010). User-Involved Design of Mobile Self-Help Tools for People with Diabetes. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Årsand, Eirik; Tatara, Naoe; Andersson, Niklas; Varmedal, Ragnhild; Samuelsen, Thomas & Østengen, Geir [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2010). User-Involved Design of Mobile Self-Help tools for People with Diabetes – The Few Touch Application. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tatara, Naoe; Årsand, Eirik & Hartvigsen, Gunnar (2010). Patient-user involvement for designing a self-help tool for Type 2 diabetes. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Årsand, Eirik; Tatara, Naoe; Andersson, Niklas; Varmedal, Ragnhild; Samuelsen, Thomas & Østengen, Geir [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2010). User-Involved Design of Mobile Self-Help Tools for People with Diabetes. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tatara, Naoe; Årsand, Eirik; Østengen, Geir; Samuelsen, Thomas; Andersson, Niklas & Chomutare, Taridzo Fred [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2009). Diabetes diary based on a mobile phone – Users´experiences and iterative design process. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tatara, Naoe; Årsand, Eirik & Hartvigsen, Gunnar (2009). Designing mobile patient-centric self-help terminals for people with diabetes. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tatara, Naoe; Årsand, Eirik; Nilsen, Heidi & Hartvigsen, Gunnar (2009). A Review of Mobile Terminal-Based Applications for Self-Management of Patients with Diabetes. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tatara, Naoe (2019). Survey of eHealth Use Among First-generation Pakistani Immigrants in Oslo Area With Focus on Diabetes, 2016. NSD. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tatara, Naoe & Hartvigsen, Gunnar (2014). Studying usage and experiences of mHealth technology for its improved usability - Mixed methods research for understanding users’ long-term engagement with the Few Touch application for self-management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus -. UiT Norges arktiske universitet. ISSN 9788282361231. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In spite of a number of mHealth (use of mobile computing for health care) studies targeting people with diabetes, there has not yet been any clear evidence of its effect. Due to obscurity regarding subjects’ engagement with each component of the provided technology, it is not clear which factors are important and why. Considering that behavior change is a path of improvement in self-management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), it is crucial to investigate users’ usage and experiences of mHealth technology over time. Furthermore, ensuring usability of a technology is essential for the initial uptake and continuous usage of it. This research was conducted in three phases using mixed methods research. In Phases 1 and 2, long-term trials of a mobile phone-based self-help application “the Few Touch application” were carried out by involving two different user groups: one had been involved in the design process from an early stage and the other had not. In Phase 3, design of a food-information database module as a part of improvement of the Few Touch application was carried out by involving users and non-users. The study empirically showed the following: the users basically used and experienced the Few Touch application as a flexible learning tool in terms of self-management of T2DM. Patterns and degrees of usage varied a lot among users and they changed over time depending on each user’s needs and background both directly and indirectly relevant to T2DM. This was because motivation for continuation of usage was a result of balancing between expected benefit and effort required to use it. Usability of the technology could be improved by designing it so that it simplifies tedious self-management activities without posing extra effort to use the technology while it enhances the learning process and maximizes its learning effect.

• Lee, Eunji; Hartvigsen, Gunnar; Tatara, Naoe & Årsand, Eirik (2011). SMART CARB : a mobile nutrition self-management application for people with diabetes. UiT Norges arktiske universitet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The main research problem in this thesis project was to develop a mobile phone application which can help people with diabetes to make right choices in selecting food items for better nutrition management. The major challenge was minimizing the information displayed and finding a way to persuade the users to change their food habits. Smart Carb, a simple application was developed to solve this problem and tested by 27 Type 2 diabetics in Norway and South Korea. The Norwegian participants who had experience with the 'Few Touch application' expressed their strong willing to use this application. However the Korean participant who did not have experience with kind of application and the smart phone itself, were more sceptical or afraid of using this application. Nevertheless most of the participants agreed that it is important to track the amount of carbohydrate intake, and expressed that it is difficult to estimate the amount of carbohydrate. Therefore they wanted to have a tool to help them to estimate carbohydrate amounts. The impact or effectiveness of this system was positive to the participant, specially the Norwegian participants who had experience with mobile diabetes self-help tool.

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